一、文獻引用(統一按 APA 格式規範夾註)
(一)引用基本常識
1、如引用到某作者的話語或觀點，需在句中或括號內註明該作者姓氏(last name) 。
2、直接引用的，需在直接引用話語部分加雙引號(quotation marks)，並註明頁碼。
3、在所引用的話語後加括號(parentheses)需在其後加句號(period)。
4、中文作者在正文中夾註要求用作者姓氏漢語拼音，按英文 APA規範夾註。
(二)具體規範和示例
1、間接引用
A. 引用單一作者的著作的(Single author),可有以下幾種引用方式：
In 1989, Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR
Jorgensen (1989) compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires. OR
Jorgensen compared formal interviews to carefully constructed questionnaires (1989). OR
Jorgensen stated, “Formal interviews produced optimal results in several situations” (1989, p. 23).
Smith (2019) surveyed this phenomenon.
A famous survey of this phenomenon (Smith, 2019) showed that....
In 2019, Smith demonstrated that..
B. 引用兩位共同作者著作的(Citing Works by Two Authors)，如用括號則需在兩作者之間加表示“and”的符號“(&)”;如無括號則 用 and.”，如:
According to the study, 25% of people prefer cats over dogs (Smith & Brown, 2019). OR
Smith and Brown (2019) surveyed this phenomenon.
In 1992, Leonard and Trent argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR
Leonard and Trent (1992) argued that interviews have produced reliable information. OR
The Arawaks had been living on the island for several thousand years (Leonard & Trent, 1992).
C. 引用文獻為三到五位作者的(Citing Works by Three, Four, or Five Authors.)， 第一次引用的需註明所有作者，接下來再引用的則只需註明第一位作者的姓(surname)並加 “ et al.”表示，注意加句號(with a period)，如：
• A recent survey (Smith, Brown, & Black, 2019) showed.... [first reference]
• Smith et al. (2019) showed [second reference]
• Bourne et al. (1994) found that this kind of activity “compares favorably to the national level of outdoor recreation” (p. 83).
D. 文獻來源為不同時期多位作者的，按主要作者姓氏字母順序列出，並用分號“;”(semicolons)分開，如：
These data are consistent with other studies concerning this topic
(Greenfield, 1990; Patterson, 1997; Smith & Jones, 1992).
Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg &Funk, 1990)
E. 引用團體作者(corporate author)的作品，括號夾註中應使用團體的名稱，如：
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).
F. 引用文獻源自採訪、郵件、電話等觀點或文字的(Personal communication: interviews, letters, e-mails, phone conversations, etc.)屬不可追溯檢索信息，不必在參考文獻中列出，如：
Trent Presto (personal interview, November 5, 2019) found the work rewarding. OR
V. G. Nguyen (E-mail, September 25, 2019) confirmed these statistics stating again that the margin of error was less than 1 percent.
G. 文中引用出現同一姓氏的(Citing Works by Authors Who Have the Same Surname
)，應在姓氏前加註其名首字母用以區分，如：
R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found
J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied.
如為同一姓氏中文作者，APA格式為：(W.Y. Wang, 2019)， (L.F. Wang, 2019, p. 213)
H. 引用無作者文獻(Citing Works with No Author)，如果文獻標題沒有出現在正文裏，則括號夾註中應使用該標題或者(如果標題過長的話)使用該標題中的關鍵詞組(選擇標題開始部分的詞組)，如：
•“Survey of Asian Men (2019)....
•…a recent study (Hispanic and Female, 2019)....
I. 引用同一作者同一年不同文獻的(Citing Multiple Works Written in the Same Year by the Same Author)，則需在年份後加(a, b, c)(同參考文獻)。對應的Reference List:
Jensen, D. (2019a). A work to be admired. New York, NY: Smith Publishing.
Jensen, D. (2019b). Yet more works to be admired . New York, NY: Smith Publishing.
J. 無出版日期文獻(Citing Works with No Date of Publication)，用“ (n.d.) ”表示，如：
Brown’s study (n.d) showed that kittens are visually pleasing…
K. 無頁碼文獻(Citing Works without Page Numbers)，如引用內容來自電子資源的，引用源自某“部分”(ion)或“段落”(para.)序號加以註明，如：
• (Smith, 2019, para. 5)
• (Brown, 2019, Introduction section, para. 1)
L. 引用來自電子網絡資源的(Electronic source)，需註明整個網址：
Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive Web site for children ().
M. 引用翻譯文獻
間接引用格式為： (Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation)，如 ：
(Laplace, 1814/1951)
直接引用格式為：(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, page number)，如：
(Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 148)
注：對應的在參考文獻中References其格式為:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Translator
First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
(Original work published Year).
References:
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott &
F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814).
N. 引用文學作品和經典文獻
(1)在引用劇本時應標出引文的幕、場、行，如：
In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用.23，分別表示第三幕第二場第23行.
這裏的括號夾註表示引文來自劇本第三幕第二場的21至23行。(注意標點的使用。)
When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).
這裏的括號夾註表示引文來自詩歌第10節的209至211行。對不分節的詩第一次引用時應説明括號裏標的是行數，使用“line”，以後的引用則不需再説明。例如：
第一次引用：(lines 5-8);以後的引用：(12-13)
例子裏的括號夾註表示引文來自該書第二冊第十章的第117頁。(注意標點和縮略語的使用。)
(3)引用小説
在引用有章節、分冊的小説的時候，應標出引文所在的頁碼、冊數、章節，如：
One of Kingsolver’s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).
如果論文是有關小説評論，因一般都需從同一小説中反覆引用，為方便起見，在第一次引用後用圓括弧註明頁碼，在加一個尾註，用上標標出。尾註説明格式如下例。以後每次從該小説引用後， 只註明頁碼即可, 毋需再加尾註。
例：In six months’ time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1
尾註格式 (NOTES):
1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from : Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford: OUP. 1991
在引用《聖經》、《可蘭經》等經典文獻的時候，應標出引文的篇、章、節，如：
Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25. 21).
例子裏的括號夾註表示引文來自舊約《聖經》的《箴言》篇第25章第21節。《聖經》各篇的縮寫有標準的寫法，因而使用時應該注意核對。
O. 引用中文作者文獻
在用英文撰寫論文的過程中，如果要引用中文文獻，不能寫作者的全名(如Hu Zhuanglin, 1994)，也不能直接用中文(如胡壯麟，1994或胡，1994)，應為按英文論文的引文格式引用。一般的學術期刊都會提供期刊名稱及文獻題目的英文翻譯，作者不要自己隨便翻譯。 比如：
For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (Hu, 1994，pp. 5-6).
These scholars chose to study coherence as a social phenomenon, rather than a mental phenomenon (Zhu & Yan, 2019).
P. 轉引，即非直接從原著作中引用，而是轉引自他人曾引用的內容，應使用“as cited in…”註明. 如：
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world
注：在參考文獻部分，僅將轉引的文獻信息列出，不需將原作者及文獻信息列出。
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route an parallel-distributedprocessing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
R. 引用文獻圖表，需在圖表下用Figure/Table(Number)標識，並附Note説明，如：
(1)文內夾註(在圖表下方加 Note. 説明
Note. From Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modeling. by D,. Ackerman and n, 2019, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134(8), p.629. (引自期刊)
Note. From [or the data in column # are from] Thermophysical properties of fluids p.113, by M.J. Assael, 1998, London: Imperial College Press. (引自書籍著作)
Note. From [or the data in column # are from] International Merchandise Imports, Australia, Jan 2019, Australian Bureau of Satatistics. (來自網絡)
(2)參考文獻(與上對應)
Ackerman, D., & Stein, E.D. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modeling. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134(8), 629-639. (來自期刊)
Assael, M. (1998). Thermophysical properties of fluids. London: Imperial College Press. (來自書籍)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). International Merchandise Imports Australia, January 2019 (No. 5439.0), Retrieved February 18, 2019 from @
注：如為自己繪製圖表，一般應用“Table # +A brief but clear explanatory title.”(此處為斜體)表示;或Figure#. +Descriptive caption for figure.
(二)直接引用
1、直接引用文獻部分內容少於40個單詞(Quotes less than 40 words)，如：
Rossett (1995) states that needs assessment is conducted “when the instructional technologist is trying to respond to a request for assistance” (p. 184).
Interviews and observations are frequently used needs assessment tools. Especially, observations are “a very useful tool for finding out what is really happening at work” (Rossett, 1995, p. 191).
Programmed instruction, initially developed by Sydney Pressey and populated by B. F. Skinner, “presents new instructional content to learners in a controlled sequence” (Chyung, 2019, pp. 24-25).
Distinct differences are seen between data gathered for male and female subjects in the first study (Beech & Moen, 1994, Figure 2).
To facilitate the shift from teacher-centered to student-centered learning, written materials that accompany distance courses should include concept maps and advance organizers, as demonstrated by the Kawakami method (Kawakami, 1996, Chapter 5).
注： 直接引用的必須加註頁碼，除非文獻來自電子網絡資源。加括號表明所引用部分為文中非作者個人話語或觀點，應在引號之外。另外，括號內“(作者，年份，頁碼)”各單項之間需加逗號“，”(commas)。 最後，注意 “p.” 是用來表示引用來自某一頁，而 “pp.” 表示引用某頁碼範圍內的多頁。但如果涉及到圖表章節等時，所用詞figure, chapter, table and equation需在文內夾註中寫出。
2. 直接引用文獻內容為40個單詞以上的，使用 block quote format，需另起一行，並左右懸掛縮進五個空格，注意句號應置於括號前，不必加引號。如:
Rossett (1995) points out the importance of examining records and outcomes:
The examination of extant data is a wonderful needs assessment tool because it is inexpensive. This tool takes the instructional technologist across the organization in search of the natural outcomes of effective and ineffective performance. It involves asking colleagues for the data that automatically flow from their work. The only challenge is to convince colleagues that they ought to release that information to you.
(p. 192)
二、文後參考文獻格式規範(REFERENCES，英文在前，中文在後)
(一)英文文獻格式要求
1、基本要求
A. 參考文獻中英文作者的姓與名。注意應使用姓氏在前，隨後為名字的首字母而非全名，如： YES